Monday, March 26, 2012

Researchers unravel genetic mechanism of fatty liver disease in obese children

Researchers unravel genetic mechanism of fatty liver disease in obese children [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 26-Mar-2012
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Contact: Karen N. Peart
karen.peart@yale.edu
203-432-1326
Yale University

Obese youths with particular genetic variants may be more prone to fatty liver disease, a leading cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents in industrialized countries, according to new findings by Yale School of Medicine researchers.

The study, which focused on three ethnic groups, is published in the March issue of the journal Hepatology.

Led by Nicola Santoro, M.D., associate research scientist in the Department of Pediatrics at Yale School of Medicine, the authors measured the hepatic, or liver, fat content of children using magnetic resonance imaging. The study included 181 Caucasian, 139 African-American and 135 Hispanic children who were, on average, age 13.

"We observed that a common genetic variant known as Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein-3 (PNPLA3) working with a regulatory protein called glucokinase (GCKR), was associated with increased triglycerides, very low-density lipoproteins levels, and fatty liver," said Santoro.

Santoro explained that his observations could help unravel the genetic mechanisms that contribute to liver fat metabolism. "This may drive the decisions about future drug targets to treat hypertriglyceridemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease," he said.

Childhood obesity is a global health concern. Experts say nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents in industrialized countries.

"Our findings confirm that obese youths with genetic variants in the GCKR and PNPLA3 genes may be more susceptible to fatty liver disease," said Santoro, who is cautious about automatically extending this observation to the overall population.

"Our data refer to a population of obese children and adolescents," he said. "I think that further studies in a larger sample size involving lean subjects and adults may help to further define in more details these associations."

###

Other authors on the study included Clarence K. Zhang, Hongyu Zhao, Andrew J. Pakstis, Grace Kim, Romy Kursawe, Daniel J. Dykas, Allen E. Bale, Cosimo Giannini, Bridget Pierpont, Melissa M. Shaw, Leif Groop, and Sonia Caprio.

The work was also funded, in part, by the Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award grant from the National Center for Research Resources at the National Institutes of Health.

Citation: Hepatology Vol. 55, No. 3 (March 2012)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24806/abstract.


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Researchers unravel genetic mechanism of fatty liver disease in obese children [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 26-Mar-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Karen N. Peart
karen.peart@yale.edu
203-432-1326
Yale University

Obese youths with particular genetic variants may be more prone to fatty liver disease, a leading cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents in industrialized countries, according to new findings by Yale School of Medicine researchers.

The study, which focused on three ethnic groups, is published in the March issue of the journal Hepatology.

Led by Nicola Santoro, M.D., associate research scientist in the Department of Pediatrics at Yale School of Medicine, the authors measured the hepatic, or liver, fat content of children using magnetic resonance imaging. The study included 181 Caucasian, 139 African-American and 135 Hispanic children who were, on average, age 13.

"We observed that a common genetic variant known as Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein-3 (PNPLA3) working with a regulatory protein called glucokinase (GCKR), was associated with increased triglycerides, very low-density lipoproteins levels, and fatty liver," said Santoro.

Santoro explained that his observations could help unravel the genetic mechanisms that contribute to liver fat metabolism. "This may drive the decisions about future drug targets to treat hypertriglyceridemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease," he said.

Childhood obesity is a global health concern. Experts say nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents in industrialized countries.

"Our findings confirm that obese youths with genetic variants in the GCKR and PNPLA3 genes may be more susceptible to fatty liver disease," said Santoro, who is cautious about automatically extending this observation to the overall population.

"Our data refer to a population of obese children and adolescents," he said. "I think that further studies in a larger sample size involving lean subjects and adults may help to further define in more details these associations."

###

Other authors on the study included Clarence K. Zhang, Hongyu Zhao, Andrew J. Pakstis, Grace Kim, Romy Kursawe, Daniel J. Dykas, Allen E. Bale, Cosimo Giannini, Bridget Pierpont, Melissa M. Shaw, Leif Groop, and Sonia Caprio.

The work was also funded, in part, by the Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award grant from the National Center for Research Resources at the National Institutes of Health.

Citation: Hepatology Vol. 55, No. 3 (March 2012)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24806/abstract.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-03/yu-rug032612.php

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Photos of asteroid Vesta reveal bright, ancient rock and dark, melted stone

The new photos of Vesta from NASA's Dawn spacecraft highlight odd, shiny spots that are nearly twice as bright as other parts of the asteroid ? suggesting it is original material left over from the space rock's birth 4 billion years ago, NASA officials said today.

A NASA spacecraft orbiting the huge asteroid Vesta has snapped amazing new photos of the colossal space rock, images that reveal strange features never-before-seen on an asteroid, scientists say.

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The?new photos of Vesta?from NASA's Dawn spacecraft highlight odd, shiny spots that are nearly twice as bright as other parts of the asteroid ? suggesting it is original material left over from the space rock's birth 4 billion years ago, NASA officials said today (March 21).

With a width of about 330 miles (530 km),?asteroid Vesta?is one of the largest and brightest objects in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. NASA's Dawn probe has been orbiting Vesta since 2011 to study the space rock in unprecedented detail.

"Our analysis finds this bright material originates from Vesta and has undergone little change since the formation of Vesta over 4 billion years ago," said Jian-Yang Li, a Dawn participating scientist at the University of Maryland, College Park, in a statement. "We're eager to learn more about what minerals make up this material and how the present Vesta surface came to be."

Asteroid Vesta unveiled

Li and his colleagues unveiled Dawn's new views of Vesta today at the 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in The Woodlands, Texas.

The photos show surprisingly bright spots all over Vesta, with the most predominant ones located inside or around the asteroid's many craters. The bright areas range from large spots (around several hundred feet across) to simply huge, with some stretching across 10 miles (16 kilometers) of terrain. [Video: Vesta ? Asteroid or Dwarf Planet?]

"Dawn's ambitious exploration of Vesta has been going beautifully," said Marc Rayman, Dawn chief engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., which oversees the mission. "As we continue to gather a bounty of data, it is thrilling to reveal fascinating alien landscapes."?

Dawn mission scientists suspect the bright patches on Vesta were exposed during violent collisions with other space rocks. These impacts may have spread the bright material across the asteroid and mixed it together with darker material onVesta's surface, researchers said.

Astronomers have known about variations in Vesta's brightness for some time. Photos taken by the Hubble Space Telescope before Dawn arrived at the asteroid also revealed the bright patches.

Never-before seen asteroid melt

But only the close-up photos from the Dawn probe have revealed the surprising variety of dark blotches on Vesta, which appear as dark gray, brown or reddish blemishes, NASA officials said.

In some views, these darker spots are small deposits near impact craters, while in other photos they appear in larger concentrations. These darker spots on Vesta may also be the result of collisions on the?asteroid, researchers said.

Slow carbon-rich asteroids may have created some of the smaller dark material deposits without carving out a big crater. Meanwhile, faster objects may have potentially slammed into Vesta so hard they melted the big asteroid's crust, which could have also created the dark spots.

"Some of these past collisions were so intense they melted the surface," said Brett Denevi, a Dawn participating scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md. "Dawn's ability to image the melt marks a unique find. Melting events like these were suspected, but never before seen on an asteroid."

NASA launched the $466 million?Dawn spacecraft?in 2007 and Vesta is only the first stop of the spacecraft's two-asteroid tour. Dawn arrived at Vesta in July 2011 and is expected to spend about a year there before heading off to its next target ? the even larger asteroid Ceres, which is also classified as a dwarf planet.

Dawn is expected to arrive at Ceres in February 2015.

You can follow SPACE.com Managing Editor Tariq Malik on Twitter?@tariqjmalik.?Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter?@Spacedotcom?and on?Facebook.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/4cmGeyMUy48/Photos-of-asteroid-Vesta-reveal-bright-ancient-rock-and-dark-melted-stone

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OUPblog ? Blog Archive ? Do baby-boomers care?

By Nancy Guberman


Do baby-boomers see care as a normal, natural extension of family obligations? A recent study in Quebec, Canada reveals that if baby-boomers in that province do consider care a family responsibility, they have a much more limited understanding of what this care entails than their predecessors and the state.

Indeed, in a context where governments are expecting more and more from family caregivers, baby-boomer caregivers are telling researchers that they have a new concept of care. From their point of view, family members should be responsible for offering emotional and moral support, and accompanying the disabled or ill family member to appointments. In contrast, they believe that hands-on physical and nursing tasks (bathing, feeding, giving injections, etc.) should be assumed by home care services or assisted living residences.

These findings come from a study we undertook (?Baby Boom Caregivers: Care in the Age of Individualization?) to answer practitioners? questions concerning the changing portrait of family caregivers they work with. Practitioners were under the impression that this new generation of caregivers was much more occupied and preoccupied with employment and other activities than its predecessors and more demanding of services. Practitioners wondered how to continue meeting the needs of caregivers that appeared to be different from those of previous generations.

To better understand the realities of this generation of caregivers, we met with thirty-nine caregivers (31 women and 8 men) born between 1945 and 1959 to talk about their caregiving experience and their relationship to the baby-boom generation.

Caregiver backgrounds in this study.

Unlike their mothers? cohort for whom caregiving would have represented their principal occupation (taking care of their husband, children, grandchildren, or parents), baby-boomers who care for a relative have many more central occupations in their lives than just caring. Indeed, a large majority of baby-boom women work outside the home as well as having other commitments. Thus, the baby-boom caregivers we met with were trying to maintain multiple identities such as volunteer, activist, friend or spouse. Their caregiver identity was only one amongst many social identities and they refused to define themselves only through their role as a caregiver.

The baby-boomers in our study appear to have a new conception of care whereby the documented, negative consequences of caregiving such as poor mental and physical health, sacrificed personal and family life, or impacts on employment, are no longer considered legitimate. This conception seems to have arisen in parallel with changing notions of family solidarity. Norms of solidarity are becoming less prescriptive, leaving room for an interpretation of family obligations that increasingly depend on many factors. These include the types of interpersonal relationships one has with the person requiring care, one?s availability to care, one?s family?s situation, and so on. In other words, you are only legitimately expected to care if you have a good relationship with the person needing care and if you have no conflicting commitments that take precedence over caring.

Additionally, many of our respondents spoke about the restrictions they put on the caregiving they do offer, particularly concerning the tasks they are willing to assume and the frequency of their help. Most were also very reluctant to take on hands-on care, partly because this on-going, often daily and even hourly caregiving would make it difficult to maintain their current lifestyles, fulfill their multiple commitments, and also because they feel that much of the hands-on assistance is specialized care-giving that requires trained and qualified workers. They are thus very open to delegating much of the caregiving, particularly the hands-on tasks, to service providers. A respondent elaborated on this reasoning.

?She wanted to have more visits, but technically it?s not possible because we all live far away. I finish working at 5 pm, say. Getting out to her residence, I wouldn?t arrive until 6 pm. I?m tired at the end of the day. I barely have enough energy to make supper. It?s the same for my sister; she has her kids? soccer practices, lessons for this and that. So? our lives are organized in ways that don?t include her. I hear myself talking and I feel like a real baby-boomer! Very self-centered, but that?s the way it is??

So although baby-boomers, at least those we met, don?t abdicate their responsibility to their ill and disabled family members, for most caregiving is not their only or even their dominant identity. They are actively trying to maintain multiple identities, leading to what we call the ?denaturalization? of caregiving. Notably, the women we met with call themselves ?caregivers? and not simply wives, daughters or mothers, indicating that the work of caregiving no longer falls within the realm of ?normal? family responsibilities.

Nancy Guberman recently retired from her position as professor of Social Work at the University of Quebec in Montreal and as scientific director of the Center of Research and Expertise in Social Gerontology. She has studied and written extensively about family caregiving and long-term care policies and practices. Read the full article ?Baby Boom Caregivers: Care in the Age of Individualization? in a special issue of The Gerontologist covering Baby Boomers for free online for a limited time. See a complete list of the articles in the special issue.

Subscribe to the OUPblog via email or RSS.

Source: http://blog.oup.com/2012/03/baby-boomer-caregivers/

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Sunday, March 25, 2012

Incontinence 20 years after child birth three times more common after vaginal delivery

ScienceDaily (Mar. 25, 2012) ? Women are nearly three times more likely to experience urinary incontinence for more than 10 years following a vaginal delivery rather than a caesarean section, finds new research at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition affecting adult women of all ages and can have a negative influence on quality of life.

This new study from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden looked at the prevalence and risk factors for UI 20 years after vaginal delivery (VD) or caesarean section (CS). The study included women who had only one child and assessed their prevalence of UI for less than five years, between 5-10 years and for more than 10 years.

Over six thousand women involved

The SWEPOP (Swedish pregnancy, obesity and pelvic floor) study was conducted in 2008 and data were obtained from the Medical Birth Register (MBR) for deliveries between 1985 and 1988. A questionnaire was sent to women and 6, 148 completed it answering questions on height, weight, urinary or anal incontinence, genital prolapse, menstrual status, hysterectomy, the menopause and hormone treatment.

Prevalence of incontinence tripled

Overall, the prevalence of UI was considerably higher after a vaginal delivery (40.3%) compared to women who delivered by caesarean section (28.8%).

The study also found that the prevalence of UI for more than 10 years almost tripled after VD (10.1%) compared to women who had a CS (3.9%).

Overweight also a risk factor

In addition, the paper looks at the impact of BMI on UI. The risk increase of UI in obese women more than doubled in comparison to women with a normal BMI after VD and more than tripled after CS.

Many risk factors

Maria Gyhagen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden and co-author of the paper said:

"In conclusion, the risk of developing urinary incontinence was higher 20 years after a vaginal delivery compared to a caesarean section.

"There are many factors affecting urinary incontinence but obesity and aging as well as obstetric trauma during childbirth are known to be three of the most important risk factors."

Affects daily life

BJOG Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Pierre Martin-Hirsch, added: "Urinary incontinence affects many women and can have a big impact on day to day life.

"However, women need to look at all the information when deciding on mode of delivery as despite vaginal delivery and BMI being linked to urinary incontinence, caesarean section involves its own risks."

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Gothenburg, via AlphaGalileo. The original article was written by Krister Svahn.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120325102613.htm

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